As discussed earlier, this design consists of two distinct phases: quantitative followed by qualitative [2]. What are the Advantages of Exploratory Research ? Timeline 75 2.4. The review of tradition on mixed method above underscores the fact that it has been a growing interest educational researcher to avoid methodological bias in order to better understand the reality of the phenomenon being investigated. Creswell [3] says that the researcher in the convergent parallel design, gathers both quantitative and qualitative data, analyzes both datasets separately, compares the results from the analysis of both datasets, and makes interpretation as to whether the results support or contradict each other. This is a way of assuring the validity of research through. Many researchers are worried to answer the question: What happens if the QUAN and the QUAL components lead to two totally different conclusions? Morgan, D. (1998). Quantitative issues relate to obtaining permissions, protecting anonymity of respondents, not disrupting sites and communicating the purposes for the study, avoiding deceptive practices, respecting vulnerable populations, being aware of potential power issues in data collection, respecting indigenous cultures, not disclosing sensitive information, and masking the identities of participants. What types of competencies are needed in a mixed method course? The holistic idea can be shown in the following tabulated form. Then the question is: How can the process of explanatory sequential design be more pragmatic to the novice researchers? This confusing state has been created sometimes because of conflicting situations in paradigm. Can positivists or construstivists alone explore the entire reality of phenomenon under educational vicinity? Using names without permission constitutes an ethical mixed methods issue. The positivist believes that the knowledge is universal and absolute whereas the later believe that there may be more than a fixed knowledge and it is fallible in the universe by non-positivism thought. It shouldn’t be employed to draw definite conclusions, because of its lack of statistical strength, however it can help an investigator begin to … 12. On the axiological ground pragmatists believe that inquiry is value free. 3. Report and evaluate mixed methods research studies, 11. For example, an investigator might ask: “Do the quantitative results and the qualitative findings converge?” or “How do follow up qualitative findings help explain the initial quantitative results?” (p. 107), Data Collection and Analysis in Various Mixed Method Designs. The second, qualitative phase builds on the first, quantitative phase, and the two phases are connected in the intermediate state in the study. 1. The focus of this approach is on the quantitative research, and the qualitative study helps put the results into context. Following were some of the research hypotheses for their study: Research Hypothesis 1: Classrooms in more effective schools will have higher time- on-task than will classroom in less effective schools. Such issues include the in implementing MM designs. Dhanapati Subedi. In this confounding situation, this article guides them to fuse both qualitative and quantitative stand points to explore reality from another perspective which is known as pragmatic paradigm. For example, we conducted a large comparative branding study with an internet retailer on attitudes toward the shopping experience on five mobile websites. Jacob Andrew previously worked as an A+ and CCNA-certified technology specialist. Based on their knowledge claim, positivists adopted quantitative method to state reality in the world whereas constructivists espouse qualitative method to construct the meaning of the phenomena under investigation. Collect the quantitative data. An explanatory sequential design according to Plano Clark (2011) consists of first collecting quantitative data and then collecting qualitative data to help explain or elaborate on the quantitative results. After reviewing possible books and articles on explanatory sequential designed, I came to the following process in order to make holistic process of it more realistic. design choices which involve a range of sequential and concurrent strategies. Research Question 4: What are the differences in school- level faculty cohesiveness in more effective schools as opposed to less effective schools? Many novice educational researchers are in dilemma to adopt research design in order to explore reality through their research endeavor because of a tag of war on ontological epistemological and axiological perspectives among qualitative and quantitative researchers. To solve this problem many mixed method researchers (like [1, 5, 7, 9, 14, 20, 21]) have created a large body of literature on their works. The reason for collecting the second form of data is that it arguments or supports the primary form of data. Some individuals may not want their quantitative data released. 6. A study into the role of social networking sites as an effective marketing communication channel 2. Sequential, or longitudinal, studies test a single variable on the same individual or group of individuals consistently over a period of time. To overcome the weaknesses of a single design. Which criteria should be applied for the choice of design? Mixed methodologists present an alternative to the QUAN and QUAL traditions by advocating the use of whatever methodological tools are required to answer the research questions under study. To develop and test a new instrument. As we go through Tashakkori and Teddlie [14], Bryman [20], and Ritchie and Lewis [21] we come to know that ontologically, the pragmatist believes that there is an external world independent of our minds. Here, Tashakkori & Teddlie [14] want to make it clear to the novice researchers that step 1 decision is made primarily on the nature of the research questions and whether both QUAL and QUAN data are required to answer those questions. Apply the selected criteria to potential designs, ultimately selecting the best research design for your study. An explanatory sequential design according to Plano Clark (2011) consists of first collecting quantitative data and then collecting qualitative data to help explain or elaborate on the quantitative results. First of all it gives a paradigm that philosophically embraces the use of mixed model designs. Explanatory Sequential Mixed Method Design as the Third Research Community of Knowledge Claim. 1. Regmi [11] writes that pragmatic research is driven by anticipated consequences. Determine what quantitative results need to be further explained. The gap above in the existing body of literature on mixed method explanatory sequential design led me to explore some more practical guidelines in solving those issues which could help researchers to make the right and prompt decisions when designing and implementing mixed-methods explanatory sequential studies. Advantages of qualitative & ... Explanatory sequential design 1. 5. In this respect, Creswell [3] also argue that research questions are important than methodology in mixed method design. "Explanatory Sequential Mixed Method Design as the Third Research Community of Knowledge Claim.". The mixed methods research tradition is less well known than QUAN or QUAL traditions because it has emerged as a separate orientation during only the past 20 years. The mixed method approach, in this study, uses the sequential, explanatory approach evaluating the concept of emotional intelligence in the higher education context ( University ). In exploratory sequential design, according to Creswell and Plano Clark (2011) explain that the researcher first collects qualitative data and then quantitative data. Increasing Understanding: The purpose of explanatory research is to increase the understanding of a researcher on a certain subject. If theoretical or ideological perspective is important then you may use transformative designs. This article is expected to be useful to novice researchers who are in quandary to adopt explanatory sequential mixed method as a research method and it also creates a roadmap in educational research indicating methodological possibilities for new knowledge claim. THE EXPLANATORY SEQUENTIAL DESIGN Characterized by: An explanatory sequential mixed methods design consists of first collecting quantitative data and then collecting qualitative data to help explain or elaborate on the quantitative results. Typology of mixed method design causes difficulties to the novice researchers to choose the best one which addresses their research problems. Purpose: To use qualitative results to assist the findings of a quantitative study. The novice researchers need to be aware of the criteria emphasized by each of the mixed method design typology and of their implications for their study. It does not provide conclusive results because of lack of its statistical strength, but it makes the researcher determine how and why things happen. An explanatory sequential design emphasizes quantitative analysis, which we follow with interviews or observation (qualitative measures) to help explain the quant findings. Articulate the key characteristics of a mixed method research study. The priority is given to the quantitative data, and the findings are integrated during the interpretation phase of the study. The qualitative (text) data are collected and analyzed second in the sequence and help explain or elaborate on the quantitative results obtained in the first phase. To make this step explicit, I want to quote Creswell et.al [19] as they used four criteria: implementation, priority, stage of integration and theoretical or ideological perspective. Epistemologically, pragmatism embraces both objective and subjective perspectives in order to answer research questions with value free inquiry. Subedi, D. (2016). 3.1. Secondly, it eschews the use of metaphysical concepts that has caused much endless discussion and debate. Design of the Study Mix method study, sequential explanatory design, is conducted to explore a phenomenon of the study within involving some data sources as well as establishing reliability and validity of the findings (Creswell, 2014). They are: the convergent parallel design, the explanatory sequential design, the exploratory sequential design, the embedded design, the transformative design and the multiphase design. The sequential explanatory design incorporated quantitative and qualitative approaches in two consecutive phases within one study. There are advantages to using mixed methods in research studies and one of them is the results may include both observations and statistical analyses. After receiving his BA in journalism from the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 2012, he turned his focus towards writing about travel, politics and current technology. The sub questions are answered in separate strands of the study. The roadmap of a research is created on the basis of researchers’ orientation on his philosophical premises like his/her ontological epistemological and axiological positions for his or her research endeavor. For example, how researchers decide on which method to assign priority in this design, how to consider implementation issues, how and when to connect the quantitative and qualitative phases during the research process, and how to integrate the results of both phases of the study to answer the research questions. Such a question might be followed by three sub questions: Are groups A and B different on variables Y and Z? questionnaire survey) was conducted in the first stage, followed by the qualitative approach using thematic analysis. Select the best available mixed method research design for your study, but you realize that you may have to eventually generate your own. 6. Tashakkori and Teddlie [14] have proposed the strategies for reducing and / or dealing with possible threats to inference quality. 3. Study 1 Rationale 76 2.4.2. The Pragmatism on the other hand, embraces mixed method as the third research community in order to avoid either or view of positivism and constructivism. Apply the steps in designing a mixed methods research study and develop a mixed methods study proposal. Methods: We used a sequential explanatory mixed-methods research design implemented in two phases. They believe that values play a large role in conducting research and drawing conclusions from their studies. Like the transformative design, the multiphase design is a complex design that builds on the basic convergent, explanatory, exploratory and embedded designs. In this regards, Tashakkori and Teddlie [14] advocate Natalya Ivankova’s syllabus as an excellent answer. Care needs to be taken to not minimize the importance of a sample because of its size. Study 3 Rationale 78 2.5. Sequential explanatory design This design involves the collection and analysis of quantitative data followed by the collection and analysis of qualitative data. While adopting syllabus for teaching mixed method methodology if we adopt Natalya Ivankova’s syllabus as advocated by Tashakkori and Teddlie [14] then we can properly track our students towards right direction in mixed method design. Mixed method design: An alternative approach. Mixed methodologists prefer to use quality inference to avoid either or perspectives of quantitative and qualitative research for addressing trustworthiness or reliability and validity issues. Here every educationist raises a question: Which method is appropriate to claim reality in the educational field? Pragmatic choices about what to research and how to go about it are conditioned by where we want to go in the broadest senses. Format), Citation-(EndNote This indicates that research questions drive the selection of research methods, which are often mixed method in nature the complexity of those research questions. In the following sections, we outline the PBI program’s implementation context and its in-fluence on our impact evaluation design. According to Erzberger and Prein (1977 as cited in [14]), ‘divergent findings are valuable in that they lead to a reexamination of the conceptual frameworks and the assumptions underlying each of the two components” (p.35). 5. According to them random assignment to groups, matching, homogeneous grouping, comparing individuals with themselves, statistical control and double blind procedures are strategies for reducing and / or dealing with possible threats to inference quality in quantitative part. Use appropriate search terms for locating mixed methods research studies using computerized databases. How can we develop an effective syllabus for teaching mixed methodology? The supportive data may either qualitative or quantitative. The purpose of embedded design, as Creswell and Plano Clark (2011) state; is to collect quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously or sequentially, but to have one form of data play a supportive role to the other form of data. it was a coincidence. Sequential explanatory design; This method first collects and analyses quantitative data, and later validate and explain the results using qualitative research. On the other hand pragmatists deny that ‘truth’ can be determined once and for all. Aim of the Study: Are sequential designs useful? When you apply the previous example to a diverse range of ages, this may accurately show how different times of the year or environmental factors, such as economic changes, might have a broad-reaching impact on the response. Creswell [3] has mentioned the following ethical issues in mixed methods designs. In this connection, this article aims at explaining the holistic ideas of mixed method design focusing particularly on philosophical premises, generating research questions, data collection and analysis process, potential ethical issues, quality of inference and teaching mixed methodology. Out of these the explanatory sequential design is highly popular among researchers. Draw a visual model of mixed methods procedures used in the study. The intent of the transformative mixed methods design, as Creswell and Plano Clark (2011) state; is to use one of the four designs (convergent, explanatory, exploratory or embedded), but to encase the design within a transformative framework. Your discussion post sounds like the mixed method design you are referring to is sequential explanatory design, because it collects the quantitative data first and the qualitative data second. The first approach entails first proposing an overarching mixed research question and then expanding it into separate QUAN and QUAL sub questions. Since mixed methods research combines quantitative and qualitative research, ethical considerations need to attend to typical ethical issues that surface in both forms of inquiry. The sequential explanatory method employs two different data-collection time points; the quantitative data are collected first and the qualitative collected last. Based on their knowledge claim they are constructivists, positivists and pragmatists respectively. In fact, throughout the 20th century, social and behavioral scientists frequently employed mixed methods in their studies and they continue to do so in the 21st century, as described in several sources [1, 7, 13]. Multiphase Design (Source: Creswell ([3], p. 541)), Philosophical Premises of Mixed Method Design, Generating Research Questions for Mixed Method Design, Process for Selecting an Appropriate Mixed Methods Design, Potential Ethical Issues in Mixed Methods Research, Citation-(RIS Teddlie, C and Stringfield, S (1993). Study 2 Rationale 77 2.4.3. Practical strategies for combining qualitative and quantitative methods: Applications to health research. Therefore, the cause behind a trend -- for instance, the previous example demonstrating a growing distrust of media -- can be difficult to ascertain. In this context, Denzin and Lincoln [4], Geven [6], Tashakkori & Teddlie [13, 14], Bryman [20], Ritchie and Lewis [21] and Klenke [22] state that there are three communities of researchers in the educational field: qualitative oriented methodologists, quantitative oriented methodologists and mixed methodologists. Controlling for the cultural differences and time allow sequential studies to more accurately measure changes than other types of studies. Explanatory Research is conducted for a problem that was not well researched before, demands priorities, generates operational definitions and provides a better-researched model. Different methods such as prolonged engagement, persistent observation, use of triangulation techniques, peer debriefing, negative case analysis, referential adequacy, member checks, thick description, dependability audit, conformability audit and reflective journal for determining the trustworthiness are strategies for reducing and / or dealing with possible threats to inference quality in qualitative part. The key benefits of exploratory research design are: Increased Understanding: The main objective of exploratory research is to improve a researcher’s knowledge of a topic. Phase 1 was a quantitative survey of board-certified music therapists (n=260). These researchers conducted a longitudinal mixed method study in which they examined school and classroom processes in eight matched pairs of differentially effective elementary schools. An investigation into the ways of improvement of quality of customer services within hospitality sector in London 3. • In an embedded design, conducting initial qualitative interviews to build an intervention before an experiment may be helpful in designing the intervention. The rational for this approach is that the quantitative data and results provide a general picture of the research problem; more analysis, specifically through qualitative data collection is needed to refine, extend or explain the general picture. In an explanatory sequential design, you begin by obtaining a set of quantitative results and then design your qualitative study help you understand those earlier results (i.e., … Other ways of constructing a research study include surveys, experiments and cross-sectional studies. The following are some examples for studies with exploratory research design in business studies: 1. Many researchers select mixed method in order to search out the opportunity for a greater assortment of divergent views. A detailed answer involves: To explain and interpret. Methods: This study employed a sequential explanatory mixed methods design.

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