She celebrated 65 years on the throne in February … 505–507, Green, p. 296; Gregg, p. 374; Somerset, p. 502, Harley's secretary Erasmus Lewis writing to, Gregg, pp. Pressure mounted on Pembroke, Godolphin and the Queen from the dissatisfied Junto Whigs, and Pembroke resigned after less than a year in office. 32–35; Somerset, p. 44, Curtis, p. 42; Green, p. 34; Gregg, p. 35; Somerset, pp. [146] As a result of the Jacobite invasion scare, support for the Tories fell and the Whigs were able to secure a majority in the 1708 British general election. 414–415, Green, pp. [171] In the parliamentary elections that soon followed his appointment, Harley, aided by government patronage, secured a large Tory majority. 162–163; Green, pp. 435–437, Green, p. 244; Gregg, p. 337; Somerset, pp. The Whigs successfully blocked the bill for the duration of the parliamentary session. [112][113] The Estates of Scotland responded to the Act of Settlement by passing the Act of Security, which gave the Estates the power, if the Queen had no further children, to choose the next Scottish monarch from among the Protestant descendants of the royal line of Scotland. Anne was born at 11:39 p.m. on 6 February 1665 at St James's Palace, London, the fourth child and second daughter of the Duke of York (afterwards James II and VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde. British military aid to the colonists was devoted mainly to defense of the area around Charleston, S.C., and the exposed New York–New England frontier with … "[159], Anne was devastated by her husband's death in October 1708,[160] and the event proved a turning point in her relationship with the Duchess of Marlborough. The sisters never saw each other again. Weir, p. 268; see also Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 99; Luttrell, Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 108; Somerset, p. 153. [193] She was rendered unable to speak by a stroke on 30 July 1714, the anniversary of Gloucester's death, and on the advice of the Privy Council handed the treasurer's staff of office to Whig grandee Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. x–xi and Somerset, pp. Just as with King William's War before it, border raids and fighting occurred between the French and English in North America. At the door of St Paul's Cathedral, they had an argument that culminated in Sarah offending the Queen by telling her to be quiet. Anne had seventeen pregnancies, of which five were live births. She and her husband were "overwhelmed with grief". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Anne, princess of Denmark (queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 1702–14), oil painting by William Wissing, 1687. William and Mary had no children. Princess Anne's home was a gift from the Queen - and it's so regal Zara and Mike Tindall and Peter and Autumn Phillips also live on the estate February 10, 2021 - 12:20 GMT Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain is the longest-reigning monarch in British history. Historians have since viewed Anne more favourably. ", This page was last edited on 25 February 2021, at 09:16. To the consternation of the English people, James began to give Catholics military and administrative offices, in contravention of the Test Acts that were designed to prevent such appointments. Omissions? 165–168; Green, p. 198; Gregg, p. 280; Somerset, pp. Harley attempted to lead business without his former colleagues, and several of those present including the Duke of Somerset refused to participate until they returned. Corrections? They spent one night in his house, and subsequently arrived at Nottingham on 1 December. Of her five liveborn children, four died before reaching the age of two. [110] Anne had declared it "very necessary" to conclude a union of England and Scotland in her first speech to the English Parliament,[111] and a joint Anglo-Scots commission met at her former residence, the Cockpit, to discuss terms in October 1702. Although her father was a Roman Catholic, she was reared a Protestant at the insistence of her uncle, King Charles II. [139] Abigail was related to both Harley and the Duchess, but was politically closer to Harley, and acted as an intermediary between him and the Queen. [80] Anne suffered from bouts of "gout" (pains in her limbs and eventually stomach and head) from at least 1698. [117] The Estates chose the latter option; the English Parliament agreed to repeal the Alien Act,[118] and new commissioners were appointed by Queen Anne in early 1706 to negotiate the terms of a union. Mary visited her, but instead of offering comfort took the opportunity to berate Anne once again for her friendship with Sarah. [197] The Electress Sophia had died on 28 May,[c] two months before Anne, so the Electress's son, George, Elector of Hanover, succeeded pursuant to the Act of Settlement 1701. 34–35; Gregg, pp. Anne thought Sacheverell ought to be punished for questioning the Glorious Revolution, but that his punishment should only be a mild one to prevent further public commotion. Anne, however, had already acquiesced to the new line of succession created by the Act of Settlement. 189–199, Curtis, p. 107; Green, pp. Prince George followed suit that night,[53] and in the evening of the following day James issued orders to place Sarah Churchill under house arrest at St James's Palace. [168] In London, riots broke out in support of Sacheverell, but the only troops available to quell the disturbances were Anne's guards, and Secretary of State Sunderland was reluctant to use them and leave the Queen less protected. [145] The invasion fleet never landed and was chased away by British ships commanded by Sir George Byng. I was much affected by this sight ...". [45][46] "I shall never now be satisfied", Anne wrote to her sister Mary, "whether the child be true or false. Inviting covered front porch, lots of Gingerbread trim, high ceilings with wonderful original hardwood floors and millwork., transoms, 5 fireplaces, pocket windows, built … [220], As queen regnant, Anne's coat of arms before the union were the Stuart royal arms, in use since 1603: Quarterly; I and IV grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II, Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III, Azure, a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). The Junto Whigs were removed from office, although Marlborough, for the moment, remained as commander of the army. "Lord Clarendon and his Trowbridge Ancestry". [156], At a thanksgiving service for a victory at the Battle of Oudenarde, Anne did not wear the jewels that Sarah had selected for her. Over fifty Catholics with stronger claims were excluded from the line of succession. 84–87; Somerset, pp. [75] Three months later, William restored Marlborough to his offices. "[206] Gregg concluded that Anne was often able to impose her will, even though, as a woman in an age of male dominance and preoccupied by her health, her reign was marked by an increase in the influence of ministers and a decrease in the influence of the Crown. [91] She gained weight as a result of her sedentary lifestyle; in Sarah's words, "she grew exceeding gross and corpulent. 75–76; Green, p. 58; Gregg, p. 80, Curtis, pp. A marriage treaty between Anne and Prince George of Denmark, younger brother of King Christian V, and Anne's second cousin once removed, was negotiated by Anne's uncle Laurence Hyde, who had been made Earl of Rochester, and the English Secretary of State for the Northern Department, Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland. [58] Anne showed no concern at the news of her father's flight, and instead merely asked for her usual game of cards. [180] On the same day, Marlborough was dismissed as commander of the army. By the Bill of Rights (1689), William and his wife, Mary, Anne’s elder sister, were made king and queen of England, and Anne was placed in line for the succession to the throne. Anne was born in a rocky time period. The Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the English Parliament, applied in the kingdoms of England and Ireland but not Scotland, where a strong minority wished to preserve the Stuart dynasty and its right of inheritance to the throne. [83] Alternatively, pelvic inflammatory disease could explain why the onset of her symptoms roughly coincided with her penultimate pregnancy. According to Sarah, the Queen was taciturn and formal, repeating the same phrases—"Whatever you have to say you may put in writing" and "You said you desired no answer, and I shall give you none"—over and over. 130–132, Green, p. 62; Gregg, p. 87; Somerset, p. 132, Curtis, p. 81; Green, pp. The Queen Anne's Revenge … Under the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded all Catholics, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover. 310–311, Curtis, p. 146; Green, pp. [134] They were forced to rely more and more on support from the Whigs, and particularly from the Whig Junto—Lords Somers, Halifax, Orford, Wharton and Sunderland—whom Anne disliked. [133] Godolphin, Marlborough, and Harley, who had replaced Nottingham as Secretary of State for the Northern Department, formed a ruling "triumvirate". A few months later, the pirate was killed. Anne, queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702–14). Gregg's argument depicts her reign as: a period of significant progress for the country: Britain became a major military power on land, the union of England and Scotland created a united kingdom of Great Britain, and the economic and political base for the golden age of the 18th century was established. 1704‐1712. 35–37; Green, p. 31; Gregg, p. 24; Somerset, pp. [12], In 1673, the Duke of York's conversion to Catholicism became public, and he married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena, who was only six and a half years older than Anne. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her paternal grandmother, Henrietta Maria of France, at the Château de Colombes near Paris. "[196], Anne was buried beside her husband and children in the Henry VII Chapel on the South Aisle of Westminster Abbey on 24 August. 238–241; Gregg, pp. [163] With Whigs now dominant in Parliament, and Anne distraught at the loss of her husband, they forced her to accept the Junto leaders Lords Somers and Wharton into the cabinet. His death in 1700 ended Anne’s hopes of providing herself and the three kingdoms (England, Scotland, and Ireland) with a successor. 72, 120; Weir, p. 268. [76] With Anne's restoration at court, Berkeley House became a social centre for courtiers who had previously avoided contact with Anne and her husband. [190] By July, Anne had lost confidence in Harley; his secretary recorded that Anne told the cabinet "that he neglected all business; that he was seldom to be understood; that when he did explain himself, she could not depend upon the truth of what he said; that he never came to her at the time she appointed; that he often came drunk; [and] last, to crown all, he behaved himself towards her with ill manner, indecency and disrespect. [90] Around her estates, she used a one-horse chaise, which she drove herself "furiously like Jehu and a mighty hunter like Nimrod". [125] It was headed by Lord Treasurer Lord Godolphin and Anne's favourite the Duke of Marlborough, who were considered moderate Tories, along with the Speaker of the House of Commons, Robert Harley. 340–341, Green, p. 183; Gregg, p. 259; Somerset, p. 341, Curtis, p. 157; Green, p. 186; Gregg, pp. During the war, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and several German states fought against France and Spain. [136], In 1706, Godolphin and the Marlboroughs forced Anne to accept Lord Sunderland, a Junto Whig and the Marlboroughs' son-in-law, as Harley's colleague as Secretary of State for the Southern Department. [27], Bishop Compton officiated at the wedding of Anne and George of Denmark on 28 July 1683 in the Chapel Royal. The years leading up to her birth saw the execution of one king, the iron-fisted rule of Oliver Cromwell, and the restoration of the monarchy with Charles II. [20] It was her last journey outside England. The new arms were: Quarterly; I and IV, Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II, Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France); III, Azure, a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Luttrell said Anne "miscarried of a son". Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. To address the succession crisis and preclude a Catholic restoration, the Parliament of England enacted the Act of Settlement 1701, which provided that, failing the issue of Anne and of William III by any future marriage, the Crown of England and Ireland would go to Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and her Protestant descendants. In: Schofield, Mary Anne; Macheski, Cecilia (eds). 134–135, Curtis, p. 84; Green, pp. She dismissed both Marlboroughs from her service in 1711. [34] Anne shared the general concern, and continued to attend Anglican services. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Nevertheless, the schemes of Harley and Masham caused Anne so much embarrassment that in 1708 she was forced to dismiss Harley and admit the most prominent Whigs into her administration. [86] Rhesus incompatibility, however, generally worsens with successive pregnancies, and so does not fit with the pattern of Anne's pregnancies, as her only son to survive infancy, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, was born after a series of stillbirths. Cutting a quick path over open water, the Revenge boasted strong defenses and lethal armaments. The negotiations broke up in early February 1703 having failed to reach an agreement. Anne, however, insisted on carrying out the duties of Lord High Admiral herself, without appointing a member of the government to take George's place. Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life, and from her thirties, she grew increasingly ill and obese. She wished to rule independently, but her intellectual limitations and chronic ill health caused her to rely heavily on her ministers, who directed England’s efforts against France and Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). [24], With George of Hanover out of contention as a potential suitor for Anne, King Charles looked elsewhere for an eligible prince who would be welcomed as a groom by his Protestant subjects but also acceptable to his Catholic ally, Louis XIV of France. The leadership of the Admiralty was unpopular among the Whig leaders, who had blamed Prince George and his deputy George Churchill (who was Marlborough's brother) for mismanagement of the navy. [21], Anne's second cousin George of Hanover visited London for three months from December 1680, sparking rumours of a potential marriage between them. The ship then fell victim to the sea, and it wasn't discovered until 1996, noted National Geographic.It was found by a private company, Intersal, which agreed with the state of North Carolina that it would hold all copyrights to the photos of the ship while the state … 273–274; Somerset, pp. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-queen-of-Great-Britain-and-Ireland, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of Anne, Undiscovered Scotland - Biography of Queen Anne, Anne - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Anne - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Know about Queen Anne, monarch of Great Britain and Ireland. Anne's aunt Lady Henrietta Hyde (the wife of Laurence Hyde) was appointed as her new governess. Being very ignorant, very fearful, with very little judgement, it is easy to be seen she might mean well, being surrounded with so many artful people, who at last compassed their designs to her dishonour.[203]. At the same time, she sought to be free from the domination of the political parties. Of greater political consequence was Anne’s intimate relationship with her childhood friend Sarah Jennings Churchill, wife of John Churchill (later 1st duke of Marlborough). 541–543 for a similar view. [40] In letters to her sister Mary, Anne raised suspicions that the Queen was faking her pregnancy in an attempt to introduce a false heir. Anne may have left the capital deliberately to avoid being present, or because she was genuinely ill,[44] but it is also possible that James desired the exclusion of all Protestants, including his daughter, from affairs of state. 134, 138–139; Green, pp. [184] The rumours were fed by her consistent refusals to permit any of the Hanoverians to visit or move to England,[185] and by the intrigues of Harley and the Tory Secretary of State Lord Bolingbroke, who were in separate and secret discussions with her half-brother about a possible Stuart restoration until early 1714. [192] Despite failing health, which her doctors blamed on the emotional strain of matters of state, she attended two late-night cabinet meetings that failed to determine Harley's successor. [119] The articles of union approved by the commissioners were presented to Anne on 23 July 1706[120] and ratified by the Scottish and English Parliaments on 16 January and 6 March 1707, respectively. [127] Anne reinstituted the traditional religious practice of touching for the king's evil that had been eschewed by William as papist superstition. [62], Soon after their accession, William and Mary rewarded John Churchill by granting him the Earldom of Marlborough and Prince George was made Duke of Cumberland. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Anne's finances, status, and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary's accession and they became estranged. The queen’s advancing age and her infirmities made the succession a crucial issue. [92] Sir John Clerk, 1st Baronet, described her in 1706 .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, "under a fit of the gout and in extreme pain and agony, and on this occasion everything about her was much in the same disorder as about the meanest of her subjects. As a committed Anglican, Anne was inclined to favour the Tories. [169], The Queen, increasingly disdainful of the Marlboroughs and her ministry, finally took the opportunity to dismiss Sunderland in June 1710. Charles II had no legitimate children, and so the Duke of York was next in the line of succession, followed by his two surviving daughters from his first marriage, Mary and Anne—as long as he had no son. [82][84] Other suggested causes of her failed pregnancies are listeriosis,[85] diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, and rhesus incompatibility. Anne, Queen of Great Britain (1665–1714), queen of England, Scotland and Ireland (1702–1707) and of Great Britain (1707–1714) . [123], Anne's reign was marked by the further development of a two-party system. "Carving a Legacy: Public Sculpture of Queen Anne, c. As King William and Queen Mary had no children, it looked as though Anne's son would eventually inherit the Crown. He restored her previous honours, allowed her to reside in St James's Palace,[73] and gave her Mary's jewels,[74] but excluded her from government and refrained from appointing her regent during his absences abroad. Mary married their Dutch Protestant cousin, William III of Orange, in 1677, and Anne married Prince George of Denmark in 1683. [61] On 24 July 1689, Anne gave birth to a son, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, who, though ill, survived infancy. In 1702, Anne adopted the motto semper eadem ("always the same"), the same motto used by Queen Elizabeth I. Anne was born in the reign of Charles II to his younger brother and heir presumptive, James, whose suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England. [222] In 1707, the union was heraldically expressed by the impalement, or placing side by side in the same quarter, of the arms of England and Scotland, which had previously been in different quarters. [64] The new king and queen feared that Anne's financial independence would weaken their influence over her and allow her to organise a rival political faction. She resisted obstinately and even grew cold toward the duchess, who adopted the cause of the Whig politicians. On Charles's instructions, Anne and her elder sister, Mary, were raised as Anglicans. [161] Anne resented the Duchess's intrusive actions, which included removing a portrait of George from the Queen's bedchamber and then refusing to return it in the belief that it was natural "to avoid seeing of papers or anything that belonged to one that one loved when they were just dead". Mary and William became joint monarchs. [59], In January 1689, a Convention Parliament assembled in England and declared that James had effectively abdicated when he fled, and that the thrones of England and Ireland were therefore vacant.

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